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Examination Development | Description | Invovles |
Leakage | Content of the examination paper(s) is disclosed prior to taking the examination | Members of examination authority, centre administrators | Exam preparation | Candidates come across exam content and practice the questions | Centre staff, members of examination authority |
Impersonation | An individual who is not registered as a candidate takes the place of one that is registered. | Involves collusion between centre head and examination officer. Sometimes involves exchange of money or favour for a girl/boy friend |
External assistance | Individuals who are not examination candidates giving unauthorised assistance to candidates | Usually involves invigilators |
Smuggling of foreign materials | Relates to unauthorised materials e.g. notebooks, scribbled notes, charts smuggled in pants, shoes etc or information written on parts of the body | Usually only candidates are involved. |